Perancangan Dan Simulasi Sistem Lampu Otomatis Berbasis Esp32 Menggunakan Sensor LDR dan PIR untuk Analisis Potensi Penghematan Energi Pada Simulator Wokwi

Abstract

Penggunaan lampu yang tidak disesuaikan dengan kondisi pencahayaan lingkungan dan aktivitas pengguna dapat menyebabkan konsumsi energi yang kurang efisien. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang dan menyimulasikan sistem lampu otomatis berbasis ESP32 menggunakan sensor Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) dan Passive Infrared (PIR), mengevaluasi kinerja sistem dalam merespons kondisi pencahayaan dan gerakan, serta menganalisis potensi penghematan energi menggunakan simulator Wokwi. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimen berbasis simulasi dengan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif dan model pengembangan Prototype. Sensor LDR digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan kondisi terang atau gelap, sedangkan PIR digunakan untuk mendeteksi gerakan. Pengujian black-box dilakukan pada 16 kasus uji yang masing-masing diulang tiga kali sehingga diperoleh 48 pelaksanaan pengujian. Seluruh pengujian menghasilkan keluaran sesuai harapan dengan tingkat keberhasilan 100%. Pada skenario dinamis EN-04, rata-rata durasi nyala lampu sebesar 20,155 detik dari pengamatan 60 detik. Dengan asumsi daya lampu 10 watt, sistem otomatis menghasilkan estimasi konsumsi energi 0,05599 Wh dibandingkan 0,16667 Wh pada sistem konvensional, sehingga diperoleh potensi penghematan sebesar 66,41%. Hasil tersebut merupakan estimasi berbasis simulasi dan bukan pengukuran konsumsi energi aktual pada perangkat fisik.

The use of lighting that is not adjusted to ambient lighting conditions and user activity may result in inefficient energy consumption. This study aims to design and simulate an ESP32-based automatic lighting system using a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor and a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor, evaluate the system's performance in responding to lighting conditions and motion detection, and analyze its potential energy savings using the Wokwi simulator. The study employed a simulation-based experimental method with a descriptive quantitative approach and the Prototype development model. The LDR sensor was used to classify lighting conditions as bright or dark, while the PIR sensor was used to detect motion as a representation of user activity. The system applied an LDR threshold value of 2000 and a 10-second delay mechanism using the millis() function. Functional testing was conducted using the black-box testing method on 16 test cases, each repeated three times, resulting in a total of 48 test executions. All 48 test executions produced outputs consistent with the expected responses, resulting in a system success rate of 100%. Verification of the duration-recording mechanism showed a difference of 0 ms between the program results and manual calculations. In the dynamic EN-04 scenario, the lamp operated for an average of 20.155 seconds during a 60-second observation period. Assuming a lamp power of 10 watts, the conventional system required an estimated energy consumption of 0.16667 Wh, whereas the automatic system required 0.05599 Wh, corresponding to an estimated energy reduction of 0.11068 Wh or a potential saving of 66.41%. These findings indicate that the integration of ESP32, LDR, PIR, and a delay mechanism can control lighting according to ambient conditions and detected motion while potentially reducing operating duration and energy consumption. The energy results are simulation-based estimates and do not represent actual energy consumption in a physical implementation.